Catalog: Abryutina m s grachev a in analysis of financial and economic activity. Thieves' jargon in everyday speech Grachev super-cadres

Start: 15.08.2008 | Ending: 10.09.2008

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Grachev – Head of the Department of Russian Philology and General Linguistics, Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after. N. A. Dobrolyubova, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Sociopsycholinguistic Research.

Mikhail Alexandrovich's sphere of scientific interests is social varieties of the Russian language, speech culture, lexicography, forensic linguistic examinations. On the problems of the subculture of the criminal world and forensic linguistic examinations, he gives lectures to law students and law enforcement officers.

Professor Grachev is the author of 260 scientific works, including monographs. The main ones are: “Russian Argo” (Nizhny Novgorod, 1997), “From Vanka Cain to the Mafia” (St. Petersburg, 2006), “The Language of the City. Linguistic landscape of Nizhny Novgorod" (Nizhny Novgorod, 2006), "Language and youth. Linguistic landscape of Nizhny Novgorod" (Nizhny Novgorod, 2008) (co-authored with Prof. T.V. Romanova). The main works include dictionaries: “Dictionary of Youth Slang” (Gorky, 1989) (co-authored with A.I. Gurov), “Dictionary of Pre-Revolutionary Argot” (M., 1991), “Language from the Darkness: thieves' music and Fenya" (Nizhny Novgorod, 1992), "Historical and etymological dictionary of thieves' jargon" (St. Petersburg, 2000, and Moscow, 2008, co-authored with Prof. V.M. Mokienko), "Dictionary of modern youth slang" (M, 2006), "Dictionary of thousand-year Russian slang" (M, 2003). The latest dictionary is the largest in the world in terms of volume: it contains more than 27,000 words and expressions, dating back to the 11th century. and ending with the 21st century.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich is a member of the Guild of Linguistic Experts in Information and Documentary Disputes, editor of the scientific collection “Language. Speech. Speech activity”, organizer of scientific international conferences “Social Variants of Language”.

Considers his teacher the professor of Nizhny Novgorod State University. N.I. Lobachevsky N.D. Rusinova.

Questions and answers:

Question:

Maria
Dear Mikhail Alexandrovich! On youth websites they write that most of the words from thieves’ music, feni, came from the Hebrew language. The examples given, in my opinion, are a stretch, I would say tendentious. Judging by the titles of your books, you can enlighten us and say a few words about the history and etymology of feni. I am a technical teacher, but young people ask all sorts of questions.
Maria.

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Maria!
You have already answered the question: the examples given are a stretch. I would say anti-scientific. Foreign language borrowings in the vocabulary of the criminal world make up 15-17%. Basically, these are words from Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Slavic and Western European languages ​​(with a predominance of English elements). Jewish borrowings, dating back to Yiddish and Hebrew, are represented by a small number. Moreover, they were more common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. If you want to know the details, see my monograph “Russian Argo” (Nizhny Novgorod, 1997).

Question:

Maksim
Hello, Mikhail Alexandrovich!
There is an old joke: a telegraph pole is a well-edited pine tree. Don’t you think that citizens who call for burning out slang filth with the red-hot iron of standards, in essence, want to replace the pine forest with telegraph poles that are dear to their hearts - monotonous, polished and gloomily boring, like Bezenchuk’s products?
And what, in your opinion, is connected with such demonization of slang word usage and sharp hostility towards it among highly educated (or considering themselves as such) segments of the population?

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Maxim!
You have a good style. And let me continue my reasoning within the framework of your linguistic tone. A telegraph pole differs from an unplaned pine tree in that it is a product of human labor, and therefore of civilization, just as a standardized (literary) language differs from the elements of non-standardized forms of the national language. Let’s imagine for a moment that telegraph poles and normalized language suddenly disappeared... I won’t go on and on about what kind of troubles we would then bring upon humanity. Although I agree with you that the speech should be bright, emotional, in any case, not like the products of the undertaker Bezenchuk. But why use exclusively the language of the scum of society (I mean the criminal world) as a variety: there are other layers of Russian vocabulary! At the same time, I note that certain words from social dialects, due to their vivid characteristics of the designated object, are used both in everyday speech and in literary language, for example, dude, window dressing, chaos, etc.

Question:

Violinist
The word “blatnoy” in recent times also had the meaning of “undeservedly privileged by an official due to personal connections,” so perhaps, after all, call a spade a spade - “vorovskaya” (“prison”, “camp”)? And in everyday speech, “pseudo-thief” jargon is more likely used, in which elements of criminal slang are trivially mixed with swearing. I’m interested, according to your data, which social and age groups and for what reasons use it in everyday speech (within the family, among friends, when communicating with strangers and in public places)? Is it worth fighting this?

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Violinist!
The fact is that the word “blat” (by the way, first recorded in fiction by A.I. Kuprin in the essay “The Thief”, 1895) previously in criminal speech had the following meanings: “general name of a crime”, “underworld” , “the language of the underworld,” and later, in the 20s of the twentieth century, “connections used for illegal or immoral purposes.” Currently, there are many synonyms for this term (meaning “the language of the criminal world”): official - the language of criminals, the language of the criminal world, the jargon of criminals, the jargon of criminals, argot, etc.; unofficial: flannel tongue, Fenya, Sonya, accent, grain, etc. Linguists distinguish between swearing itself and the language of the underworld, although they can overlap. Currently, almost all social and age groups use thieves' words: some more, others less. And it is necessary to fight this.

Question:

Lidia Konstantinovna
Dear Mikhail Alexandrovich!
About ten years ago I read an article by genetic scientists called “Don’t kill a chromosome with obscenities!” Scientists have found that swearing affects human genes and his hereditary apparatus. The new direction received the name “quantum genetics”. Now scientists in Japan, and throughout the world, are studying the influence of the nature of words on the structure of water molecules, which, in particular, is part of the human body. Probably, in the near future, science will be able to more fully explain how and what the word affects. In the meantime, apparently, we need to remember that the word is power. In Russian, there is a fairly precise definition for profanity - foul language. And filth, it is filth, what more...?
My questions for you:
1. How do you feel about scientific research in the field of studying the influence of word energy on the human body and the environment?
2. And, if yes, do you think that for a more complete success of science, the combined efforts of specialists in different fields of knowledge are necessary - linguists, sociologists, psychologists, physicists, chemists, doctors?

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Lidia Konstantinovna!
I liked your reasoning about foul language: yes, indeed, bad language is bad language. Now I answer the questions.

1. Positive. Our ancestors knew the mechanism of the influence of words on a person, but this knowledge is now almost lost, although it is partially used by hereditary healers and gypsies, as well as hypnotists, and some parapsychologists. Currently, the science of neurolinguistics is actively developing. The fact that the word has energy is undoubtedly the most powerful. The whole question is what... So I am for studying the influence of words on a person.

2. Yes, it should be. And I think the time for scientists to unite to study the impact of words has already come.

Question:

Igor Evgenievich
Dear Mikhail Alexandrovich!

I have a few more questions for you as a specialist:
1. Should the mass distribution of esoteric and religious literature be opposed, and at what level?
2. Is it necessary to monitor and promptly identify trends in the total psycho-emotional impact on society using NLP?
3. How appropriate is it to introduce such subjects as ethics of behavior into the educational programs of secondary schools; normative vocabulary; rhetoric?
Thank you.

Question:

Flora Yasnets
Hello, Mikhail Alexandrovich! How, in your opinion, can the current “cultural” degradation of society be stopped?
(Flora)

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Flora!
It’s very difficult, but I think it’s possible. This requires a number of measures, for example, editing (and proofreading) in the media, so that the mechanisms of laws on language and culture work, images of positive heroes are created, and the prestige of the teacher, the main conductor of the main state ideas and culture, is raised...

Question:

Mikerin
Dear Mikhail Alexandrovich! Why do you think the standard level of the Russian language is too high, compared, for example, with the American version of English that we can hear in American films? Has the level of taboo in the Russian language always been so high? Thank you.

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Mikerin!
I think you will agree with me that the higher the linguistic culture, the morally purer and richer the person is spiritually. And what kind of spiritual culture could all these American movie heroes have - the Schwarzeneggers, Rambaud? Here is their gentleman’s language set: “I’ll do you!”, “You’re a corpse (option: dead man”), “You went to..., to...” and so on. Probably Ellochka the Ogress from The Twelve Chairs, who has 28 words in her vocabulary, is a language expert compared to them! I believe that the term “taboo” is not entirely suitable for defining the culture of the Russian population. Russian peasants had a unique internal culture: in any case (I refer to the research of my teacher, Professor N.D. Rusinov), the Nizhny Novgorod peasant of the 19th century. never used obscene words. I believe that this happened everywhere throughout Great Rus'. And now the villager speaks in obscene language...

Question:

Clone
Can you tell me the dangers of using thieves' jargon?

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Clone!
Thieves' jargon affects the psyche of those who use it. At one time, the writer K. Chukovsky asserted: “Try to speak the thieves’ language for at least a week, and you will have corresponding thoughts.” From them - half a step to a bad deed, or even to a crime. I know that thieves in law in the 70s of the twentieth century. when recruiting young people into their ranks, they used thieves' lexemes, accustoming teenagers first to verbal behavior, and then through jargon to criminal actions. In addition, argot instills the misanthropic morality of a criminal and vulgarizes high feelings. At the same time, thieves' words clog our speech and make it difficult to understand.

Question:

Tonya
Mikhail Alexandrovich, which words from thieves' jargon are most common? Maybe we use them and don’t even know about their origin?

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Tonya!
Recently, a large number of criminal words have entered our national speech. You, without knowing it, use thieves' words: mayhem, tin (something bad), light up (have fun), lighter (naughty girl), drip (betray), sucker, cop, cop, sucks, settler, godfather, showdown , informer (traitor)… I could continue this series ad infinitum. Their name is Legion. (I do not cite as examples those words that were legalized in earlier periods, for example, in the 20-30s of the twentieth century: double-dealer, fraud, dude, punk, shket...

Question:

Novel
Dear Mikhail Alexandrovich!
There is an opinion that the vocabulary of the criminal dictionary should be regularly updated, supposedly to recognize “us” and “strangers”. Is this really true? If so, how often does the update occur, and who in the “thieves’ world” ensures this process?

Answer:

Grachev Mikhail Alexandrovich

Dear Roman!
Undoubtedly, thieves' jargon performs an identification function. The very conversation itself using thieves' words should attract the attention of “brothers in the criminal trade” (or better yet, “brothers”). But it is updated spontaneously, without the volitional participation of criminals, just like in the general language: some words go into passive storage, new lexemes appear, and the most apt and aphoristic of them “survive.” The thieves' language has never been secret, but criminals, seeing that it is incomprehensible to others, often use it for secret purposes.

5. Grachev M.V. Super shots. Personnel management in an international corporation. M., Delo., 1993

6. Dobrynin A.I., Dyatlov S.A., Tsyrenova. E.D. Human capital in a transitive economy: formation, assessment, efficiency of use. SPb.: Science. - 1999.

7. Ilyinsky I.V. Investments in the future: education in innovative reproduction. SPb.: Publishing house. SPbUEF. 1996.

8. Kibanov A.Ya., D

Urakova I.B. Personnel management: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2005.

9. Krasovsky Yu.D. Organizational behavior: Proc. manual for universities. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2004.

10. Lyskov A.F. Human capital: concept and relationship with other categories. / Management in Russia and abroad / No. 6, 2008.

11. Marenkov N.L., Alimarina E.A. Human resources management. Series "Higher Education". - M. - Moscow Economic Institute. Rostov - on Don: Phoenix Publishing House, - 2004

12. Maslov E. Enterprise personnel management. M.: INFRA-M. - 1999. - P.64

13. Maslow A. Maslow on management / Transl. from English - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003

14. Psychology of management: Textbook for universities / Edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - 2nd ed. add. and processed - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004.

15. Pronnikov V.A., Ladanov I.D. Personnel management in Japan. Essays. M.: Nauka, 1989

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Applications

Appendix 1. Structure of the labor market in Russia

Appendix 2. Levels of competence

Level name	Level characteristics
Fourth	Leadership level (supplements the basic and strong levels) - the manager sets standards for the team when not only he, but also others begin to demonstrate this competence; the manager helps others demonstrate the necessary skills.
	Strong level (supplements the basic level) - competence can be demonstrated in work processes and when solving complex problems.
	Basic level - competence is developed normally; The manager exhibits the qualities necessary for the job.
	Level of understanding - the manager understands the need for these competencies, he tries to demonstrate them, but this does not always work.

Appendix 3. Trends in the dynamics of the average salary of respondents depending on their age and education

Appendix 4. Trends in respondents’ employment dynamics depending on their age and education

The term "human capital" first appeared in the work of Theodore Schultz, an economist interested in the plight of underdeveloped countries. Schultz stated that improving the well-being of poor people did not depend on land, technology, or their efforts, but rather on knowledge.

In business terms, human capital can be described as a combination of the following factors.

The qualities that a person brings to his work: intelligence, energy, positivity, reliability, dedication.

A person’s ability to learn: talent, imagination, creative personality, ingenuity (“how to do things”).

Human motivations for sharing information and knowledge: team spirit and goal orientation.

In management, the human component is the most burdensome of all assets. The almost limitless variety and unpredictability of people makes them incredibly difficult to evaluate, much more difficult than any electromechanical assembly that comes with prescribed practical specifications.

I.V. Ilyinsky identifies the following components in human capital: the cost of a person’s education, his health capital and the level of culture.

Health capital is the costs of an organization necessary to maintain a person in a certain physical form in order to increase his performance through improving his health. Health capital is the most important component of a person’s total capital. Investments in human health also imply the protection of his vital functions, safety, the development of ways to reduce his morbidity and mortality, as well as the extension of his working age.

The structure of personnel management in large industrial firms is formed under the influence of various factors. On the one hand, these are requirements put forward by the scale of production growth and the increasing complexity of its products. On the other hand, it bears the imprint of the historical characteristics of the formation of specific firms. This is directly affected by the predominance in some cases of traditionally established types of companies; differences in legislation regulating the economic activities of firms, etc. Although each of these factors has its own significance, it is their combination that determines the characteristics of the personnel management structure, both of a specific company and of companies in individual countries. Therefore, although there are many common features inherent in the management structure of large firms, it is nevertheless important to take into account and study the specific features that have developed in specific conditions. To the greatest extent, these features are determined by the historical conditions of their formation and development and bear the imprint of the type of enterprise that emerged at certain stages of the company’s development.

The need for strategic management in Russian conditions is explained by the following reasons. First, over the past ten years the environment in which domestic enterprises operate has changed radically. The unstable economic situation of many organizations is due to the lack of deep economic knowledge, managerial skills and experience in a competitive environment among most managers, and the need to adapt organizations to constantly changing environmental conditions.

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